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Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
The Search For ‘Green Gold’ - Jan 2007
If JMU Seniors Reach Their Goal, Algae May Help Fill Your Tank, By Heather Bowser, The Daily News Record
Excerpts:
1. A group of James Madison University seniors are experimenting with a new source of biodiesel fuel — green algae. For the last few months, the students used high-tech machinery to begin the process of converting algae into fuel.
2. They’re also trying to figure out how to feed their "little green friends" a steady diet of poultry litter.
3. Unlike algae’s landlocked biodiesel cousins — namely, veggie, corn, peanut and soybean-based fuels — saltwater algae grows and reproduces more quickly, produces lots of fuel, and can be harvested in the ocean away from food crops, the students said.
4. The goal, he says, is one day to build an algae farm in the ocean.
5. Algae is valuable because in the ocean their crop wouldn’t compete for land farmers need to grow food on.
6. The seniors will present their research at the annual College of Integrated Science and Technology Senior Symposium at the end of the academic year.
Personalities & organizations mentioned: James Madison University senior Ryan Geary, Chris Bachman professor at JMU; Kevin Hofmaenner, student, JMU
See the full news item here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
The objective of Oilgae is to facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues.
Friday, January 26, 2007
Making Biofuel from Pond Scum
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Making Biofuel from Pond Scum - by Shelley Schlender, 26 Jan 2006
Excerpts:
1. Oil-rich plants such as soy may offer a cleaner energy alternative to diesel fuel, but Jim Sears, a Colorado-based entrepreneur says these food crops can't meet all our diesel needs.
2. "Right now," [Sears] points out, "if we were to use all the normal sources we know about, such as canola oil, soy, things like this to make biodiesel, the industry thinks they could make 3.7 billion liters a year. That sounds like a lot, but Americans currently use 227 billion liters of diesel a year."
3. Fortunately, algae could produce 100 times more biodiesel per hectare than either canola or soy. It can thrive in places where other crops can't grow at all, and it only requires the equivalent of 5 centimeters of rain a year.
4. CSU and Sears' small company, Solix Biofuels, have teamed up for this oil from algae research.
5. The strain used by Sears' company (Solix Biofuels) produces enormous amounts of fat: up to 50 percent of its body weight.
6. While producing oil from soy or canola generally requires a three to five-month growing season, some algae are so prolific, over half a batch can be harvested for oil production every day.
7. "Actually we wouldn't have to convert any of our arable land," [Sears] observes. "We could use desert land to grow this algae. It doesn't require good soil. Just flat land, carbon dioxide and sunlight."
8. Making biofuel from algae is a truly carbon-neutral technology. "It's essentially solar powered fuel."
9. Eric Jarvis, a scientist at NREL cautions that it may take longer than expected to see algal biodiesel on a commercial scale. "I wouldn't expect it to meet a large demand for diesel in that (short) time frame, but I'm hoping to see some good demonstration projects in the next 5 to 10 years."
10. The National Renewable Energy Lab plans to step up their development of biodiesel from algae within the year, and they estimates that along with Colorado State and Solix Biofuels, roughly a dozen other groups around the world are developing similar projects, increasing the likelihood that soon, algae biodiesel will be the fuel of choice for trucks, boats & trains...
Personalities & organizations mentioned: Jim Sears of Solix Biofuels, Bryan Willson, who directs this Engines and Energy Conversion Lab at Colorado State University, Eric Jarvis, a senior scientist at the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL)
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Making Biofuel from Pond Scum - by Shelley Schlender, 26 Jan 2006
Excerpts:
1. Oil-rich plants such as soy may offer a cleaner energy alternative to diesel fuel, but Jim Sears, a Colorado-based entrepreneur says these food crops can't meet all our diesel needs.
2. "Right now," [Sears] points out, "if we were to use all the normal sources we know about, such as canola oil, soy, things like this to make biodiesel, the industry thinks they could make 3.7 billion liters a year. That sounds like a lot, but Americans currently use 227 billion liters of diesel a year."
3. Fortunately, algae could produce 100 times more biodiesel per hectare than either canola or soy. It can thrive in places where other crops can't grow at all, and it only requires the equivalent of 5 centimeters of rain a year.
4. CSU and Sears' small company, Solix Biofuels, have teamed up for this oil from algae research.
5. The strain used by Sears' company (Solix Biofuels) produces enormous amounts of fat: up to 50 percent of its body weight.
6. While producing oil from soy or canola generally requires a three to five-month growing season, some algae are so prolific, over half a batch can be harvested for oil production every day.
7. "Actually we wouldn't have to convert any of our arable land," [Sears] observes. "We could use desert land to grow this algae. It doesn't require good soil. Just flat land, carbon dioxide and sunlight."
8. Making biofuel from algae is a truly carbon-neutral technology. "It's essentially solar powered fuel."
9. Eric Jarvis, a scientist at NREL cautions that it may take longer than expected to see algal biodiesel on a commercial scale. "I wouldn't expect it to meet a large demand for diesel in that (short) time frame, but I'm hoping to see some good demonstration projects in the next 5 to 10 years."
10. The National Renewable Energy Lab plans to step up their development of biodiesel from algae within the year, and they estimates that along with Colorado State and Solix Biofuels, roughly a dozen other groups around the world are developing similar projects, increasing the likelihood that soon, algae biodiesel will be the fuel of choice for trucks, boats & trains...
Personalities & organizations mentioned: Jim Sears of Solix Biofuels, Bryan Willson, who directs this Engines and Energy Conversion Lab at Colorado State University, Eric Jarvis, a senior scientist at the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL)
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
The objective of Oilgae is to facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues.
Algae oil to be refined by Carlsbad company
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Algae oil to be refined by local company - By Stella Davis - from Current Argus, Jan 24, 2007
Excerpts
1. A Carlsbad family with roots steeped in Eddy County and the agriculture industry is seeking $1.4 million in WIPP acceleration funds to build a $2.8 million biodiesel plant in Carlsbad that will refine oil from algae and other feedstock.
2. Th co plans to partner with Center of Excellence for Hazardous Materials Management (CEHMM) to produce the biodiesel fuel.
3. The co considers that it is critical for the algae oil and plant to be parallel. If they don't have a plant in Carlsbad, then they would have to take the algae oil to another plant
4. Co will process soy and canola seed until they are ready for the algae oil to go to the plant.
5. The director of the CEHMM program says that the success of their oil from algae program is "in the feeding of algae"
6. The CEHMM director sees Carlsbad as a prime spot for algae production and sees the possibility of the creation of a multi-billion dollar industry, because, "We use non-arable land and brine water to produce algae as an abundant source of oil that does not compete with food," he said. "We are sitting on an ocean of brine"
Organizations & personalities mentioned: Ronnie Walterscheid, his wife, Sheila; his brother Phillip and his wife, Melissa; daughter Katie Aves and her husband, Richard and patriarch of the family Henry; Cetane Energy; Doug Lynn, CEHMM interim director; U.S Department of Energy
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
The objective of Oilgae is to facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Algae oil to be refined by local company - By Stella Davis - from Current Argus, Jan 24, 2007
Excerpts
1. A Carlsbad family with roots steeped in Eddy County and the agriculture industry is seeking $1.4 million in WIPP acceleration funds to build a $2.8 million biodiesel plant in Carlsbad that will refine oil from algae and other feedstock.
2. Th co plans to partner with Center of Excellence for Hazardous Materials Management (CEHMM) to produce the biodiesel fuel.
3. The co considers that it is critical for the algae oil and plant to be parallel. If they don't have a plant in Carlsbad, then they would have to take the algae oil to another plant
4. Co will process soy and canola seed until they are ready for the algae oil to go to the plant.
5. The director of the CEHMM program says that the success of their oil from algae program is "in the feeding of algae"
6. The CEHMM director sees Carlsbad as a prime spot for algae production and sees the possibility of the creation of a multi-billion dollar industry, because, "We use non-arable land and brine water to produce algae as an abundant source of oil that does not compete with food," he said. "We are sitting on an ocean of brine"
Organizations & personalities mentioned: Ronnie Walterscheid, his wife, Sheila; his brother Phillip and his wife, Melissa; daughter Katie Aves and her husband, Richard and patriarch of the family Henry; Cetane Energy; Doug Lynn, CEHMM interim director; U.S Department of Energy
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
The objective of Oilgae is to facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues.
Sunday, January 14, 2007
Lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol in a single-stage continuous culture
Seraphim Papanikolaou and George Aggelis,
Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Votanikos, Athens, Greece - submitted year: 2002
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica LGAM S(7)1 presented remarkable growth on industrial glycerol used as sole carbon substrate. Nitrogen-limited flask cultures were accompanied by restricted synthesis of reserve lipid, whilst amounts of citric acid were produced extracellularly. On the contrary, high amounts of reserve lipid (up to 3.5 g/l, 43% w/w of lipids in dry biomass) were produced in highly aerated continuous cultures. Lipid production was favoured at low specific dilution rates whilst fat-free material yield increased over the whole range of D (h?1). The maximum volumetric productivity obtained was 0.12 g lipid/l h. Storage lipid composition did not present remarkable changes in the specific dilution rates tested. Oleate and linoleate were the dominant cellular fatty acids.
Author Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica; Industrial glycerol; Lipid accumulation; Microbial lipids
Corresponding author. Tel.: +30-1529-4341; fax: +30-1529-4344; email: [George].[Aggelis]@[aua].[gr] - remove the [] to get the email address
Original source here from Science Direct
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol in a single-stage continuous culture
Seraphim Papanikolaou and George Aggelis,
Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Votanikos, Athens, Greece - submitted year: 2002
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica LGAM S(7)1 presented remarkable growth on industrial glycerol used as sole carbon substrate. Nitrogen-limited flask cultures were accompanied by restricted synthesis of reserve lipid, whilst amounts of citric acid were produced extracellularly. On the contrary, high amounts of reserve lipid (up to 3.5 g/l, 43% w/w of lipids in dry biomass) were produced in highly aerated continuous cultures. Lipid production was favoured at low specific dilution rates whilst fat-free material yield increased over the whole range of D (h?1). The maximum volumetric productivity obtained was 0.12 g lipid/l h. Storage lipid composition did not present remarkable changes in the specific dilution rates tested. Oleate and linoleate were the dominant cellular fatty acids.
Author Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica; Industrial glycerol; Lipid accumulation; Microbial lipids
Corresponding author. Tel.: +30-1529-4341; fax: +30-1529-4344; email: [George].[Aggelis]@[aua].[gr] - remove the [] to get the email address
Original source here from Science Direct
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Microalgae as bioreactors for production of proteins
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Microalgae as bioreactors - from Journal Plant Cell Reports
Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online)
Subject Biomedical and Life Sciences
Issue Volume 24, Number 11 / December, 2005
Category Review
DOI 10.1007/s00299-005-0004-6
Pages 629-641
SpringerLink Date Thursday, September 01, 2005
You can buy this report from SpringerLink here
Tara L. Walker1, Saul Purton2, Douglas K. Becker1 and Chris Collet1
(1) Cluster for Molecular Biotechnology, Science Research Centre and CRC for Diagnostics, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4000
(2) Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
Communicated by P.P. Kumar
Abstract
Microalgae already serve as a major natural source of valuable macromolecules including carotenoids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and phycocolloids. As photoautotrophs, their simple growth requirements make these primitive plants potentially attractive bioreactor systems for the production of high-value heterologous proteins. The difficulty of producing stable transformants has meant that the field of transgenic microalgae is still in its infancy. Nonetheless, several species can now be routinely transformed and algal biotechnology companies have begun to explore the possibilities of synthesizing recombinant therapeutic proteins in microalgae and the engineering of metabolic pathways to produce increased levels of desirable compounds. In this review, we compare the current commercially viable bioreactor systems, outline recent progress in microalgal biotechnology and transformation, and discuss the potential of microalgae as bioreactors for the production of heterologous proteins.
Chris Collet
Email: [c].[collet]@[qut].[edu].[au] (remove the [] to get the email address!)
Phone: +617-38645173
Fax: +617-38641534
Source: Springer Link
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Microalgae as bioreactors - from Journal Plant Cell Reports
Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online)
Subject Biomedical and Life Sciences
Issue Volume 24, Number 11 / December, 2005
Category Review
DOI 10.1007/s00299-005-0004-6
Pages 629-641
SpringerLink Date Thursday, September 01, 2005
You can buy this report from SpringerLink here
Tara L. Walker1, Saul Purton2, Douglas K. Becker1 and Chris Collet1
(1) Cluster for Molecular Biotechnology, Science Research Centre and CRC for Diagnostics, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4000
(2) Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
Communicated by P.P. Kumar
Abstract
Microalgae already serve as a major natural source of valuable macromolecules including carotenoids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and phycocolloids. As photoautotrophs, their simple growth requirements make these primitive plants potentially attractive bioreactor systems for the production of high-value heterologous proteins. The difficulty of producing stable transformants has meant that the field of transgenic microalgae is still in its infancy. Nonetheless, several species can now be routinely transformed and algal biotechnology companies have begun to explore the possibilities of synthesizing recombinant therapeutic proteins in microalgae and the engineering of metabolic pathways to produce increased levels of desirable compounds. In this review, we compare the current commercially viable bioreactor systems, outline recent progress in microalgal biotechnology and transformation, and discuss the potential of microalgae as bioreactors for the production of heterologous proteins.
Chris Collet
Email: [c].[collet]@[qut].[edu].[au] (remove the [] to get the email address!)
Phone: +617-38645173
Fax: +617-38641534
Source: Springer Link
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Microalgal Mass Cultures for Co-production of Fine Chemicals and Biofuels & Water Purification
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Microalgal Mass Cultures for Co-production of Fine Chemicals and Biofuels & Water Purification
A research paper - J.H. Reith, E. van Zessen, A. van der Drift and H. den Uil, Energy research Centre of the
Netherlands ECN - Unit Biomass,P.O. Box 1, NL-1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands; tel: + 31
224 564371;
e-mail: [reith]@[ecn].[nl] (remove the [] for the email address)
E. Snelder, J. Balke, H.C.P. Matthijs and L.R. Mur, Universiteit van Amsterdam, IBED - Aquatic Microbiology; K. van Kilsdonk, IVAM Research and Consultancy on Sustainability BV.
Abstract
Mass cultures of microalgae are suitable for production of renewable chemicals and fuels and for CO2 fixation and water purification. The combination of production of renewable materials with environmental applications is one of the hallmarks of microalgal culture. It supports sustainability and process economy. At the same time the combination poses challenges to process development.
In the project, a novel type of cultivation system is being developed. It is composed of an array of ‘bubble column’ type photobioreactors for inoculum production of the targeted algal species, which is fed continuously into a cascade-type open cultivation system with a number of basins placed in series. In principle this system allows large-scale, selective cultivation of a broad range of algal species at moderate costs. Outdoor results for Monodus subterraneus and Chlorella fusca show that the bubble column provides a robust production system, allowing mono-algal cultivation for periods exceeding 9 months. Cultivation of two microalgal species (the green alga Chorella fusca and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp.) was tested in an experimental integrated system outdoors. Modifications were identified including improved CO2 supply and improvement of the hydraulic mixing regime in the open basins. Lab scale experiments have shown that algal cultivation with effluents for substrate is possible and suits well the target of removal of N and P compounds from the wastewater.
Harvesting is a crucial issue due to the relatively high investment costs of equipment and the need for effective algal biomass removal and concentration with limited energy use. A range of technologies was tested. Flotation followed by mechanical dewatering and final sand filtration or membrane filtration shows satisfactory performance with respect to costs and energy use. The harvested algal biomass is intended as a feedstock for extraction of high value fine chemicals (e.g. colorants, bioactive substances) with the residues used for production of biofuels. For energy conversion of the residual biomass both thermal conversion by combustion or gasification and anaerobic digestion to methane were evaluated. Highlights from the project and issues for further development will be discussed.
1) This project is supported with a grant of the Dutch Programme EET (Economy, Ecology, Technology) a joint initiative of the Ministries of Economic Affairs, Education, Culture and Sciences and of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. The programme is run by the EET Programme Office, a partnership of Senter and Novem.
Read the full paper here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Microalgal Mass Cultures for Co-production of Fine Chemicals and Biofuels & Water Purification
A research paper - J.H. Reith, E. van Zessen, A. van der Drift and H. den Uil, Energy research Centre of the
Netherlands ECN - Unit Biomass,P.O. Box 1, NL-1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands; tel: + 31
224 564371;
e-mail: [reith]@[ecn].[nl] (remove the [] for the email address)
E. Snelder, J. Balke, H.C.P. Matthijs and L.R. Mur, Universiteit van Amsterdam, IBED - Aquatic Microbiology; K. van Kilsdonk, IVAM Research and Consultancy on Sustainability BV.
Abstract
Mass cultures of microalgae are suitable for production of renewable chemicals and fuels and for CO2 fixation and water purification. The combination of production of renewable materials with environmental applications is one of the hallmarks of microalgal culture. It supports sustainability and process economy. At the same time the combination poses challenges to process development.
In the project, a novel type of cultivation system is being developed. It is composed of an array of ‘bubble column’ type photobioreactors for inoculum production of the targeted algal species, which is fed continuously into a cascade-type open cultivation system with a number of basins placed in series. In principle this system allows large-scale, selective cultivation of a broad range of algal species at moderate costs. Outdoor results for Monodus subterraneus and Chlorella fusca show that the bubble column provides a robust production system, allowing mono-algal cultivation for periods exceeding 9 months. Cultivation of two microalgal species (the green alga Chorella fusca and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp.) was tested in an experimental integrated system outdoors. Modifications were identified including improved CO2 supply and improvement of the hydraulic mixing regime in the open basins. Lab scale experiments have shown that algal cultivation with effluents for substrate is possible and suits well the target of removal of N and P compounds from the wastewater.
Harvesting is a crucial issue due to the relatively high investment costs of equipment and the need for effective algal biomass removal and concentration with limited energy use. A range of technologies was tested. Flotation followed by mechanical dewatering and final sand filtration or membrane filtration shows satisfactory performance with respect to costs and energy use. The harvested algal biomass is intended as a feedstock for extraction of high value fine chemicals (e.g. colorants, bioactive substances) with the residues used for production of biofuels. For energy conversion of the residual biomass both thermal conversion by combustion or gasification and anaerobic digestion to methane were evaluated. Highlights from the project and issues for further development will be discussed.
1) This project is supported with a grant of the Dutch Programme EET (Economy, Ecology, Technology) a joint initiative of the Ministries of Economic Affairs, Education, Culture and Sciences and of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. The programme is run by the EET Programme Office, a partnership of Senter and Novem.
Read the full paper here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Chemical Fixation of CO2 in Coal Combustion Products and Recycling through Biosystems
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
PURL http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/825555-8B79Dq/native/
Chemical Fixation of CO2 in Coal Combustion Products and Recycling through Biosystems
Creator/Author C. Henry Copeland ; Paul Pier ; Samantha Whitehead ; Paul Enlow ; Richard Strickland ; David Behel
Publication Date 2003 Dec 15
OSTI Identifier OSTI ID: 825555
DOE Contract Number FC26-00NT40933
Other Number(s) TRN: US200423%%64
Resource Type Technical Report
Resource Relation Other Information: PBD: 15 Dec 2003
Coverage Final
Research Org Tennessee Valley Authority (US)
Sponsoring Org (US)
Subject 01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT; 03 NATURAL GAS; 09 BIOMASS FUELS; ACID CARBONATES; BIOMASS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS; COAL; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; ETHANOL; FLY ASH; METHANE; NUTRIENTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RECYCLING
Abstract
This Annual Technical Progress Report presents the principle results in enhanced growth of algae using coal combustion products as a catalyst to increase bicarbonate levels in solution. A co-current reactor is present that increases the gas phase to bicarbonate transfer rate by a factor of five to nine. The bicarbonate concentration at a given pH is approximately double that obtained using a control column of similar construction. Algae growth experiments were performed under laboratory conditions to obtain baseline production rates and to perfect experimental methods. The final product of this initial phase in algae production is presented. Algal growth can be limited by several factors, including the level of bicarbonate available for photosynthesis, the pH of the growth solution, nutrient levels, and the size of the cell population, which determines the available space for additional growth. In order to supply additional CO2 to increase photosynthesis and algal biomass production, fly ash reactor has been demonstrated to increase the available CO2 in solution above the limits that are achievable with dissolved gas alone. The amount of dissolved CO2 can be used to control pH for optimum growth. Periodic harvesting of algae can be used to maintain algae in the exponential, rapid growth phase. An 800 liter scale up demonstrated that larger scale production is possible. The larger experiment demonstrated that indirect addition of CO2 is feasible and produces significantly less stress on the algal system. With better harvesting methods, nutrient management, and carbon dioxide management, an annual biomass harvest of about 9,000 metric tons per square kilometer (36 MT per acre) appears to be feasible. To sequester carbon, the algal biomass needs to be placed in a permanent location. If drying is undesirable, the biomass will eventually begin to aerobically decompose. It was demonstrated that algal biomass is a suitable feed to an anaerobic digester to produce methane. The remaining carbonaceous material is essentially bio-inactive and is permanently sequestered. The feasibility of using algae to convert carbon dioxide to a biomass has been demonstrated. This biomass provides a sustainable means to produce methane, ethanol, and/or bio diesel. The first application of concept demonstrated by the project could be to use algal biomass production to capture carbon dioxide associated with ethanol production.
Country of Publication United States
Language English
Format Size: 70 pages; Format: Adobe PDF Document with Extractable Text
Availability OSTI as DE00825555
System Entry Date 2004 Aug 16
The full report (PDF format) available here
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About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
PURL http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/825555-8B79Dq/native/
Chemical Fixation of CO2 in Coal Combustion Products and Recycling through Biosystems
Creator/Author C. Henry Copeland ; Paul Pier ; Samantha Whitehead ; Paul Enlow ; Richard Strickland ; David Behel
Publication Date 2003 Dec 15
OSTI Identifier OSTI ID: 825555
DOE Contract Number FC26-00NT40933
Other Number(s) TRN: US200423%%64
Resource Type Technical Report
Resource Relation Other Information: PBD: 15 Dec 2003
Coverage Final
Research Org Tennessee Valley Authority (US)
Sponsoring Org (US)
Subject 01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT; 03 NATURAL GAS; 09 BIOMASS FUELS; ACID CARBONATES; BIOMASS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS; COAL; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; ETHANOL; FLY ASH; METHANE; NUTRIENTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RECYCLING
Abstract
This Annual Technical Progress Report presents the principle results in enhanced growth of algae using coal combustion products as a catalyst to increase bicarbonate levels in solution. A co-current reactor is present that increases the gas phase to bicarbonate transfer rate by a factor of five to nine. The bicarbonate concentration at a given pH is approximately double that obtained using a control column of similar construction. Algae growth experiments were performed under laboratory conditions to obtain baseline production rates and to perfect experimental methods. The final product of this initial phase in algae production is presented. Algal growth can be limited by several factors, including the level of bicarbonate available for photosynthesis, the pH of the growth solution, nutrient levels, and the size of the cell population, which determines the available space for additional growth. In order to supply additional CO2 to increase photosynthesis and algal biomass production, fly ash reactor has been demonstrated to increase the available CO2 in solution above the limits that are achievable with dissolved gas alone. The amount of dissolved CO2 can be used to control pH for optimum growth. Periodic harvesting of algae can be used to maintain algae in the exponential, rapid growth phase. An 800 liter scale up demonstrated that larger scale production is possible. The larger experiment demonstrated that indirect addition of CO2 is feasible and produces significantly less stress on the algal system. With better harvesting methods, nutrient management, and carbon dioxide management, an annual biomass harvest of about 9,000 metric tons per square kilometer (36 MT per acre) appears to be feasible. To sequester carbon, the algal biomass needs to be placed in a permanent location. If drying is undesirable, the biomass will eventually begin to aerobically decompose. It was demonstrated that algal biomass is a suitable feed to an anaerobic digester to produce methane. The remaining carbonaceous material is essentially bio-inactive and is permanently sequestered. The feasibility of using algae to convert carbon dioxide to a biomass has been demonstrated. This biomass provides a sustainable means to produce methane, ethanol, and/or bio diesel. The first application of concept demonstrated by the project could be to use algal biomass production to capture carbon dioxide associated with ethanol production.
Country of Publication United States
Language English
Format Size: 70 pages; Format: Adobe PDF Document with Extractable Text
Availability OSTI as DE00825555
System Entry Date 2004 Aug 16
The full report (PDF format) available here
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Hydrogen production by microalgae
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Hydrogen production by microalgae
Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0921-8971 (Print) 1573-5176 (Online)
Subject Biomedical and Life Sciences
Issue Volume 12, Numbers 3-5 / October, 2000
Hydrogen production by microalgae
John R. Benemann - 1
(1) Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Abstract The production of H2 gas from water and sunlight using microalgae, `biophotolysis', has been a subject of applied research since the early 1970s. A number of approaches have been investigated, but most proved to have fundamental limitations or require unpredictable research breakthroughs. Examples areprocesses based on nitrogen-fixing microalgae and those producing H2 and O2 simultaneously fromwater (`direct biophotolysis'). The most plausible processes for future applied R & D are those which couple separate stages of microalgal photosynthesis and fermentations (`indirect biophotolysis'). These involve fixation of CO2 into storage carbohydrates followed by their conversion to H2 by the reversible hydrogenase, both in dark and possibly light-driven anaerobic metabolic processes. Based on a preliminary engineering and economic analysis, biophotolysis processes must achieve close to an overall 10% solar energy conversion efficiency to be competitive with alternatives sources ofrenewable H2, such as photovoltaic-electrolysis processes. Such high solar conversion efficiencies in photosynthetic CO2 fixation could be reached by genetically reducing the number of light harvesting(antenna) chlorophylls and other pigments inmicroalgae. Similarly, greatly increased yields of H2 from dark fermentation by microalgae could be obtained through application of the techniques of metabolic engineering. Another challenge is to scale-up biohydrogen processes with economically viable bioreactors.Solar energy driven microalgae processes for biohydrogen production are potentially large-scale,but also involve long-term and economically high-risk R&D. In the nearer-term, it may be possible to combine microalgal H2 production with wastewater treatment.
Keywords: biophotolysis - fermentations - hydrogen - microalgae - photobioreactors - photosynthetic efficiencies
Source Page @ Springer Link - you can purchase the document from here
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Hydrogen production by microalgae
Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0921-8971 (Print) 1573-5176 (Online)
Subject Biomedical and Life Sciences
Issue Volume 12, Numbers 3-5 / October, 2000
Hydrogen production by microalgae
John R. Benemann - 1
(1) Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Abstract The production of H2 gas from water and sunlight using microalgae, `biophotolysis', has been a subject of applied research since the early 1970s. A number of approaches have been investigated, but most proved to have fundamental limitations or require unpredictable research breakthroughs. Examples areprocesses based on nitrogen-fixing microalgae and those producing H2 and O2 simultaneously fromwater (`direct biophotolysis'). The most plausible processes for future applied R & D are those which couple separate stages of microalgal photosynthesis and fermentations (`indirect biophotolysis'). These involve fixation of CO2 into storage carbohydrates followed by their conversion to H2 by the reversible hydrogenase, both in dark and possibly light-driven anaerobic metabolic processes. Based on a preliminary engineering and economic analysis, biophotolysis processes must achieve close to an overall 10% solar energy conversion efficiency to be competitive with alternatives sources ofrenewable H2, such as photovoltaic-electrolysis processes. Such high solar conversion efficiencies in photosynthetic CO2 fixation could be reached by genetically reducing the number of light harvesting(antenna) chlorophylls and other pigments inmicroalgae. Similarly, greatly increased yields of H2 from dark fermentation by microalgae could be obtained through application of the techniques of metabolic engineering. Another challenge is to scale-up biohydrogen processes with economically viable bioreactors.Solar energy driven microalgae processes for biohydrogen production are potentially large-scale,but also involve long-term and economically high-risk R&D. In the nearer-term, it may be possible to combine microalgal H2 production with wastewater treatment.
Keywords: biophotolysis - fermentations - hydrogen - microalgae - photobioreactors - photosynthetic efficiencies
Source Page @ Springer Link - you can purchase the document from here
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Microalgae separator apparatus and method - US Patent details
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Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Microalgae separator apparatus and method
United States Patent 6,524,486 - Borodyanski , et al. February 25, 2003
Abstract
An apparatus and method for separating microalgae from water without rupturing cells. The method comprises the steps of flocculation, flotation and dehydration. Microalgae suspension from a reservoir is passed to a mixer unit where flocculation is carried out, using modified starch or other flocculating agents. The suspension is then directed to a flotation column. Dissolved gas in water is transferred to the flotation column through a disperser. A layer of foam containing microalgae is formed on the liquid layer in the column, which can be skimmed off through an overflow outlet. The flotation column is a telescopic column of adjustable height, which enables the position of the overflow outlet to be aligned with the level of the foam layer for efficient foam removal. Foam containing microalgae is then passed to a filtration unit for cloth filtration, followed by drying in a drying chamber.
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Inventors: Borodyanski; Genady (Nesher, IL), Konstantinov; Irina (Nesher, IL)
Assignee: Sepal Technologies Ltd. (Ofakim, IL)
Appl. No.: 09/748,249
Filed: December 27, 2000
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Current U.S. Class: 210/703 ; 210/202; 210/205; 210/221.2; 210/295; 210/602; 210/744; 210/768; 210/769; 210/770; 47/1.4
Current International Class: B03D 1/14 (20060101); C02F 1/24 (20060101); B01D 21/01 (20060101); C02F 1/52 (20060101); C02F 3/32 (20060101); C02F 1/66 (20060101)
Field of Search: 210/703,744,770,769,768,602,205,206,221.2,202,295,109 47/1.4
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References Cited [Referenced By]
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U.S. Patent Documents
4834872 May 1989 Overath
5951875 September 1999 Kanel et al.
Other References
Shelef et al; "Algae Mass Production as an integral part of a wastewater treatment and Reclamation System"; Algae Biomass edited by Shelef And Soeder; 1980; Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press pp. 163-189..
Primary Examiner: Lithgow; Thomas M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Langer, Pat. Atty.; Edward Shiboleth, Yisraeli, Rober Zisman & Co
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Claims
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We claim:
1. A method for the separation of dry biomass from an aqueous solution of microalgae, while maintaining the integrity of the cell structure, comprising the steps of: a) obtaining an aqueous suspension of the algae from a source thereof; b) adding a flocculating agent causing flocculation of the microalgae in suspension; c) introducing said flocculated suspension into a froth flotation column; d) dispersing a gas into fine bubbles for contact with said flocculated suspension; e) adsorbing said flocculated microalgae onto said bubbles to form bubble and algae agglomerates; f) forming, in an adaptable height column, a layer of froth containing said bubble and algae agglomerates; g) removing said froth containing bubble and algae agglomerates from said flotation column via an overflow outlet, by adjusting said column height; and h) further drying said froth.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said froth forming step is performed in a flotation column comprising a telescopic column of adjustable height, said column comprising a series of concentric tubes of increasing diameter stacked one inside the other and held in selected positions by means of rubber rings situated between the outer wall of one tube and the inner wall of the tube of greater diameter in which the first tube is situated.
3. The method of claim 1 in which the step of removing said froth from said flotation column comprises adjusting the position of said overflow outlet to correspond to the position of said froth layer by adjusting the height of said telescopic flotation column.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the height of said telescopic flotation column is adjusted by operating a piston or other mechanical means having a rigid constraint with the uppermost of said concentric tubes.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein subsequent tubes are lowered by projection rings integrally formed on sides of upper said concentric tubes which push down said subsequent tubes upon lowering of said upper tubes.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said subsequent tubes are raised by engaging projection rings integrally provided on the sides of lower ends of each said upper tubes with the upper rim of each said subsequent tube.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of further drying comprises drying in a drying chamber.
8. The method of claim 1 used in a system for production of microalgae as biofuel.
9. The method of claim 1 used in a system for production of microalgae as a health food.
10. The method of claim 1 used in a system for production of microalgae for pharmaceutical use.
11. The method of claim 1 used in a sewage treatment system.
12. An apparatus comprising: a) a reservoir containing an aqueous suspension of microalgae; b) a mixer unit into which said suspension of microalgae from said reservoir is introduced together with a flocculating agent for the purpose of providing mixing of said microalgae with said flocculating agent, causing flocculation of said microalgae; c) a froth flotation column into which said flocculated microalgae are introduced, said froth flotation column having an overflow outlet of adjustable height; d) means of dispersing a gas into fine bubbles for contact with said flocculated suspension in said flotation column in order to form a layer of froth containing agglomerates of bubbles and algae, such that when said froth layer is formed in said adjustable height froth flotation column, said overflow outlet removes said froth; e) means of mechanically filtering said froth; and f) an additional means of drying froth after filtration.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said froth flotation column comprises a telescopic column of adjustable height, consisting of a series of concentric tubes of increasing diameter stacked one inside the other and held in selected positions by means of rubber rings situated between the outer wall of one tube and the inner wall of the tube of greater diameter in which the first tube is situated.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said froth is removed from said flotation column via an overflow outlet by adjusting the position of said outlet to correspond to the position of said froth layer by adjusting the height of said telescopic flotation column.
15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein height of said telescopic flotation column is adjusted by operating a piston or other mechanical means.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said piston is operated manually.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said piston is operated automatically in response to the position of said froth layer.
18. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the means of drying said froth comprises a drying chamber.
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Description
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an apparatus and method for separation of microalgae from water without rupturing cells, in order to obtain dry, concentrated biomass and in particular to a system including a flotation column provided with an overflow outlet of adjustable height.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Microalgae are unicellular organisms, which produce oxygen by photosynthesis. Over 100,000 species of microalgae are known and discovering new uses for them is a major component in the development of industries based on biotechnology. Microalgae are particularly useful because of their high growth rate and tolerance to varying environmental conditions.
Microalgae have uses in the production of vitamins, pharmaceuticals, natural dyes, as a source of fatty acids, proteins and other biochemicals in health food products. Factors derived from microalgae have also been claimed to prevent neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and macular degeneration, which leads to blindness. They are effective in the biological control of agricultural pests; as soil conditioners and biofertilizers in agriculture; for the production of oxygen and removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and toxic substances in sewage treatment; and in biodegradation of plastics.
Microalgae have use as a renewable biomass source for the production of a diesel fuel substitute (biodiesel) and for electricity generation. Burning of fossil fuels in power plants is a primary contributor to excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which has been linked to global climatic change. Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere can be significantly reduced by operation of microalgae fuel farms in tandem with fossil fuel plants to scrub CO2 from flue gases. If the microalgae are used to produce fuel, a mass culture facility reduces the CO2 emission from the power plant by approximately 50%.
Due to the wide range of uses of microalgae and microalgae-based products, an effective method of harvesting microalgae is essential. The effective separation of microalgae from water is a crucial step in this process.
Conventional methods for harvesting microalgae are centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration under pressure through a microstrainer and flocculation with chemical flocculants. The disadvantages of these methods are as follows:
1. Centrifugation
This method is long, complicated and costly. It causes cells to rupture, thereby causing many of the biologically and chemically active materials to be lost or damaged. The cost of electricity, reagents and maintenance of centrifuge may constitute up to 25% of the total production cost. The process is complex, a large capital investment is required, and a relatively low yield is obtained. Operation of the machine is also extremely noisy. In addition, centrifugation is unsuitable for separation of very small microalgae, since for organisms of less than 5 mk a very high rotational speed is necessary (>10,000 rev/min).
2. Sedimentation
This method gives inefficient concentration of biomass.
3. Filtration Under Pressure through a Microstrainer
This method has the advantage of low power requirement (0.2-0.4 kW). However, it is suitable only for fairly large microalgae (e.g. Spirulina Platensis, 300 micrometers long or Coelastrium Proboseidum 30 micrometers diameter).
4. Flocculation
This method uses chemical flocculants, e.g. aluminium sulfate. This limits applicability for food and pharmaceutical products, as it requires subsequent removal, thereby increasing production costs. Dehydration is then usually carried out either by artificial heat or sun drying. The former is costly. It involves ejecting the algae suspension containing 6-8% dry matter onto a rotating steam heated drum which heats the cells to 120 degrees in a few seconds. A 1 kg dry algae mass requires evaporation of 18 kg water. The sun drying method is very slow.
Guelcher et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,254) and Kanel et al., (U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,875) describe an adsorptive bubble separation method for dewatering suspensions of microalgae. This invention involves an apparatus having a number of complex recirculation zones to eliminate liquid communication while generating a froth consisting of bubbles and adsorbed algal cells that can be separated from the aqueous suspension.
A column flotation method and apparatus for the removal of mineral ores from a liquid suspension has been described by Jameson (U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,865). In this method, the liquid is introduced into the upper part of a first column into which air is entrained forming a downwardly moving foam bed. Liquid and entrained air from the lower part of the first column is passed into a second column and froth from the foam is allowed to separate from liquid in the second column forming a liquid-froth interface. The froth layer containing the floatable particles rises upwards to discharge through a suitably placed outlet.
In this apparatus, the liquid-froth interface must therefore be adjusted to the fixed level of the outlet. Precise adjustment of the foam level is difficult to implement, resulting in a certain proportion of particles, contained in the froth layer, to remain below the outlet level and therefore to remain in the column, thus reducing the yield.
A further feature of this invention is that liquid is injected in the form of a jet which points downwards and entrains the air, creating a bed of dense foam. This method, if applied to algae would cause a significant amount of cell breakage. In addition, frothing agents are generally added to the solution to create a stable foam layer, which is undesirable in the case of algae intended for use in health or food products.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a method for separation of microalgae from water which is less costly, easier to use, involves a lower energy consumption, provides a high yield and preserves the integrity of the cell structure, enabling retention of desirable cell components.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost-effective method of obtaining dry, concentrated biomass from an aqueous solution of microalgae, without causing the cells to be ruptured.
The present invention describes a three-stage process, comprising flocculation, flotation and dehydration. The invention is suitable for enterprises engaged in growing microalgae of all types and therefore for all applications, including food and pharmaceutical products. It can be adapted towards specific species if necessary. The system is cheaper and faster than currently available methods and retains many of the properties of the microalgae which are lost in conventional technologies. The system is simple to use and inexpensive to maintain. The separator has no internal moving parts. No special operator training is required in order to operate and maintain the system.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, microalgae suspension from a reservoir is passed to a mixer unit where flocculation occurs. The flocculated suspension is then directed to a flotation column of adjustable height into which CO.sub.2 (or air) is fed through a disperser, producing bubbles of uniform size. The bubbles carry electrostatically adsorbed flocs to the surface of the liquid, forming a foam layer, which is skimmed off at the top through an overflow outlet. Purified water is discharged through the bottom. Microalgae are filtered through cloth, dried and packed. Solid biomass is passed through a filtration unit and further dried in a drying chamber.
A feature of the invention is the telescopic design of the column, which allows the height to be adjusted so that the position of the overflow outlet corresponds to the position of the foam layer, resulting in efficient removal of foam.
The advantages of the present invention include high yield, absence of rotating parts; a low power requirement (power is needed only for driving the air blower); the possibility of controlling air flow rate and dispersion; small floor space requirement; low capital investment and suitable for use with most species of microalgae, including those as small as 0.5 um. The present invention also preserves the intact structure of the cells and is almost noiseless.
Other features and advantages of the method will become apparent from the following drawings and description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which like numbers designate corresponding elements or sections throughout, and in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the process by which dry microalgae are obtained from a solution of algae in mass culture;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the process of separation of dry microalgae from suspension; and
FIG. 3 illustrates the column flotation apparatus, according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A process comprising the stages of flocculation, flotation and dehydration is described in the present invention. To better understand the invention, each of the three stages is generally defined as follows:
1. Flocculation
Flocculation is the process by which microalgae of microscopic size, suspended in a liquid medium, form stable aggregates.
2. Flotation
Bubbles possess a static charge so organic material in liquid medium becomes attached to oppositely charged bubbles. Bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid medium carrying electrostatically adsorbed flocs with them, forming a foam layer. The froth containing the algae is skimmed off through an overflow outlet.
3. Dehydration
Foam with algae is separated from froth. Microalgae are filtered through cloth, dried and packed. Removal of solid biomass from aqueous suspension is carried out periodically by filtration. After filtration, the biomass is further dehydrated in a drying chamber.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is seen a microalgae production system 10, typically comprising a pond 12, a source of CO2 14, a pump 16, a microalgae separator 18, a foam overflow outlet 20, a filtration unit 70 and a drying chamber 80. This system operates according to the processes of flocculation, flotation and dehydration. The above-mentioned processes are further expanded upon in the context of the present invention.
In system 10, microalgae are grown in an open-air raceway type shallow pond 12 i.e. one in which mixing is carried out by operation of paddle wheels, connected with a source 14 of CO2. Pond 12 is filled with fresh or sea-water. The open air surface of pond 12 permits absorption of sunlight. The CO2 is fixed in system 10 by the microalgae and converted into organic matter by solar energy.
Microalgae suspension from pond 12 is transferred by operation of pump 16 to microalgae separator 18, in which the processes of flocculation and flotation are carried out. Dissolved air or CO2 in water is fed into microalgae separator 18 through a disperser 24. Foam containing microalgae obtained in the flotation process is skimmed off via an overflow outlet 20. Purified water passes out of microalgae separator 18 via outlet 44. The foam is passed to a filtration unit 70 and is further dried in a drying chamber 80, resulting in dry biomass 82. Purified water passes out of chamber 80 through outlet 81.
FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the microalgae separation process, constructed and operated in accordance with the principles of the present invention, showing further details of the microalgae separator 18 of FIG. 1.
Microalgae suspension from pond 12 is transferred by operation of pump 16 to reservoir 22. The rate of flow of the suspension is measured by a flowmeter 17 and can be regulated by a valve 19.
Pressure is monitored at various points of the system by pressure gauges P to facilitate smooth operation.
Suspension from reservoir 22 is passed to a mixer unit 26, which has a mixing device 28 of variable speed, where flocculation is carried out. Flow velocity is controlled by a valve 23. Flocculation involves treating of microalgae with a flocculant 30, added by means of a pump 31, measured by a dosimeter 32 and controlled by a valve 33, then bringing the microalgae into contact with each other by stirring with mixing device 28 so that aggregation can occur.
The pH of the suspension is first checked and brought to a value of less than 7 if necessary, by the addition of acid 34, which is added by operation of a pump 36. The amount of acid added is measured by a dosimeter 37 and is regulated by valve 38.
The concentration of the algae in suspension is checked by an optical density method in order to determine the amount of flocculant 30 required. Algae usually grow as a dilute suspension (200-500 mg/l). 100-300 g flocculate/ton of algae is used.
One of the flocculating agents used is modified starch, which is harmless in the subsequent use of algae. Other flocculating agents used include ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate and ketosones.
Flocculating agent 30 is added to the microalgae suspension in mixer unit 26. The mixture is then stirred by operation of mixing device 28 at a speed of 90 cycles/min for 5 minutes, after which time destabilization is essentially complete, then at 30 cycles/min for 15 minutes to bring particles into contact so that aggregates can form. The mixture is then left for flocculation to occur.
After the flocculation stage, the suspension is directed to flotation column 40 via inlet 41, regulated by valve 43.
Water and carbon dioxide (or air) are fed into a hydraulic saturator 25 at 6 atm to dissolve the gas in water. Water is fed in by pump 90, measured by flowmeter 91 and regulated by valve 92. CO2 is fed in from compressor 93, with flow rate measured by flowmeter 95 and regulated by valve 96.
The dissolved gas in water is transferred to flotation column 40 through a disperser 24, forming tiny bubbles. Flow rate of dissolved gas in water is controlled by valve 97. A layer of foam containing microalgae is formed on the liquid layer in the column, which can be skimmed off through the overflow outlet 20, the position of which is adjusted by piston 50. Purified water passes out of column 40 via outlet 44, controlled by valve 98.
After removal from flotation column 40 via overflow outlet 20, the foam containing microalgae is passed to a filtration unit 70, filtered through cloth in a filter 71, dried in a drying chamber 80 and packed, resulting in dry, biomass concentrate 82. Water is returned into the basic process via outlet 81, controlled by valve 83.
FIG. 3 shows the flotation column 40. Suspension containing flocculated microalgae is fed into column 40 via inlet 41. Dissolved gas in water is fed into flotation column 40 through disperser 24 under atmospheric conditions. The change in pressure permits the gas to come out of solution, which forms tiny bubbles. Disperser 24 consists of perforated rubber tubes, which ensure uniformity of the bubbles.
As the bubbles form, they collide with microalgae flocs, which become electrostatically adsorbed. The lower density of the gas relative to the medium causes bubble-microalgae agglomerates to float to the surface of the liquid and accumulate as a foam layer 46. The main factor governing flotation is the relative motion of flocs and bubbles, which determines the probability of bubble-particle attachment, bubble charging and flotation rate.
Column apparatus have the advantage of absence of rotating parts; low power requirements; large aerated volume; possibility of controlling air-flow rate and dispersion; small floor space and low capital investment.
The foam containing the algae is skimmed off at the top of the flotation column 40 through an overflow outlet 20. The purified water remaining in the column after removal of algae is discharged through an outlet 44 at the bottom of the column. The flotation process is regulated through the water and gas flow rates.
The flotation column 40 has a telescopic structure, enabling the position of overflow outlet 20 to be adjusted by contracting or expanding the height of the column 40. This is an improvement over conventional flotation columns in which the overflow outlet is fixed, so that the foam layer must be adjusted to the height of the outlet, and any part of the layer remaining below the level of the outlet remains in the column. The height of column 40 is adjusted by operation of a piston 50, so that the position of the overflow outlet 20 can be adjusted according to the position of the foam layer 46, allowing foam to easily overflow from the surface of the liquid. Adjustment of column height via the piston 50, may be carried out manually, or automatically by employing a sensor to detect the position of the foam layer, such as the float-type level transducer model NM produced commercially by KOBOLD Messring GmBH, Germany.
Column 40 consists of a series of concentric tubes 51, 52, 53 stacked one inside the other, held in position by rubber rings 54 situated between the outer wall of one tube and the inner wall of the tube of greater diameter in which the first tube is positioned. Frictional force between the rings 54 and the surface of the walls of the tube of greater diameter on one side and the surface of the walls of the tube of lesser diameter on the other side is able to retain the relative positions of the two tubes and thereby maintain the arrangement of the column in the required position i.e. in which the position of the overflow outlet corresponds to the foam layer in the column.
Alteration of the height of the column requires provision of a force of magnitude greater than the frictional force acting between the rubber ring and the walls of the two tubes between which the ring is situated. This may be provided by piston 50 or other means.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, piston 50 employing a high pressure air system is used. Air under high pressure enters the upper compartment of piston 50 through valve 55, thereby exerting a force on plunger 56, which causes it to be pushed down. High-pressure air leaves the upper compartment of piston 50 via valve 57. Push-rod 58 of plunger 56 has a rigid constraint with upper tube 51 of column 40, therefore forced downward movement of plunger 56, together with push-rod 58, causes simultaneous downward movement of column 40.
When the column height is altered, the ring 54 is in a fixed position relative to the outer surface of the tube of smaller diameter and moves relative to the inner surface of the tube of greater diameter. Piston 50 acts directly on the uppermost tube 51 of the column 40. Projection rings 60 are situated below the overflow outlet 20 on the outer surface of the uppermost tube 51. As the uppermost tube 51 is pushed downwards, these projection rings 60 make contact with the upper surface of the second tube 52, causing pressure to be exerted on the second tube 52. When this pressure exceeds the frictional force between the outer wall of the second tube 52 and the rubber rings 54 holding the tube 52 in position, the second tube 52 will be pushed downwards.
In order to raise the tubes 51, 52, 53 and increase the height of column 40 after the tubes have been lowered, high pressure air is fed into the lower compartment of piston 50 through valve 62, pushing plunger 56, together with push-rod 58 upwards. This causes tube 51 to be raised. High-pressure air leaves the lower compartment of piston 50 via valve 63.
Tubes 51 and 52 are provided with integrally formed projection rings 64 on their lower ends, which, when raised, engage with the upper rims 66 of the tubes of greater diameter (52 and 53 respectively). By this method, once tube 51 is raised to its maximum height, tube 52 will be engaged by projection rings 64 of tube 51, and continued upward pressure applied to plunger 56 will cause tube 52 to begin its upward motion.
Similarly, upon tube 52 reaching its maximum height, tube 53 will be engaged by projection rings 64 provided on tube 52. Tube 53 is supported by a stand (not shown) which prevents tube 53 from being pulled upwards. Therefore, once projection ring 64 of tube 52 engages with upper rim 66 of tube 53, column 40 has attained its maximum height.
Removal of solid biomass from aqueous suspension is carried out periodically in a filtration unit 70. After filtration, the biomass is further dehydrated in a drying chamber 80, resulting in dry, concentrated biomass 82.
In summary, the present invention provides a cheap, simple and efficient method of separating microalgae from water, requiring low energy consumption, which does not cause rupturing of the cell. The end result is dry, concentrated biomass in which cells remain intact, thereby retaining all important properties and constituents of the microalgae.
Having described the invention with regard to certain specific embodiments, it is to be understood that the description is not meant as a limitation since further modifications may now suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Original patent application here
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Microalgae separator apparatus and method
United States Patent 6,524,486 - Borodyanski , et al. February 25, 2003
Abstract
An apparatus and method for separating microalgae from water without rupturing cells. The method comprises the steps of flocculation, flotation and dehydration. Microalgae suspension from a reservoir is passed to a mixer unit where flocculation is carried out, using modified starch or other flocculating agents. The suspension is then directed to a flotation column. Dissolved gas in water is transferred to the flotation column through a disperser. A layer of foam containing microalgae is formed on the liquid layer in the column, which can be skimmed off through an overflow outlet. The flotation column is a telescopic column of adjustable height, which enables the position of the overflow outlet to be aligned with the level of the foam layer for efficient foam removal. Foam containing microalgae is then passed to a filtration unit for cloth filtration, followed by drying in a drying chamber.
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Inventors: Borodyanski; Genady (Nesher, IL), Konstantinov; Irina (Nesher, IL)
Assignee: Sepal Technologies Ltd. (Ofakim, IL)
Appl. No.: 09/748,249
Filed: December 27, 2000
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Current U.S. Class: 210/703 ; 210/202; 210/205; 210/221.2; 210/295; 210/602; 210/744; 210/768; 210/769; 210/770; 47/1.4
Current International Class: B03D 1/14 (20060101); C02F 1/24 (20060101); B01D 21/01 (20060101); C02F 1/52 (20060101); C02F 3/32 (20060101); C02F 1/66 (20060101)
Field of Search: 210/703,744,770,769,768,602,205,206,221.2,202,295,109 47/1.4
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References Cited [Referenced By]
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U.S. Patent Documents
4834872 May 1989 Overath
5951875 September 1999 Kanel et al.
Other References
Shelef et al; "Algae Mass Production as an integral part of a wastewater treatment and Reclamation System"; Algae Biomass edited by Shelef And Soeder; 1980; Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press pp. 163-189..
Primary Examiner: Lithgow; Thomas M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Langer, Pat. Atty.; Edward Shiboleth, Yisraeli, Rober Zisman & Co
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Claims
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We claim:
1. A method for the separation of dry biomass from an aqueous solution of microalgae, while maintaining the integrity of the cell structure, comprising the steps of: a) obtaining an aqueous suspension of the algae from a source thereof; b) adding a flocculating agent causing flocculation of the microalgae in suspension; c) introducing said flocculated suspension into a froth flotation column; d) dispersing a gas into fine bubbles for contact with said flocculated suspension; e) adsorbing said flocculated microalgae onto said bubbles to form bubble and algae agglomerates; f) forming, in an adaptable height column, a layer of froth containing said bubble and algae agglomerates; g) removing said froth containing bubble and algae agglomerates from said flotation column via an overflow outlet, by adjusting said column height; and h) further drying said froth.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said froth forming step is performed in a flotation column comprising a telescopic column of adjustable height, said column comprising a series of concentric tubes of increasing diameter stacked one inside the other and held in selected positions by means of rubber rings situated between the outer wall of one tube and the inner wall of the tube of greater diameter in which the first tube is situated.
3. The method of claim 1 in which the step of removing said froth from said flotation column comprises adjusting the position of said overflow outlet to correspond to the position of said froth layer by adjusting the height of said telescopic flotation column.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the height of said telescopic flotation column is adjusted by operating a piston or other mechanical means having a rigid constraint with the uppermost of said concentric tubes.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein subsequent tubes are lowered by projection rings integrally formed on sides of upper said concentric tubes which push down said subsequent tubes upon lowering of said upper tubes.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said subsequent tubes are raised by engaging projection rings integrally provided on the sides of lower ends of each said upper tubes with the upper rim of each said subsequent tube.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of further drying comprises drying in a drying chamber.
8. The method of claim 1 used in a system for production of microalgae as biofuel.
9. The method of claim 1 used in a system for production of microalgae as a health food.
10. The method of claim 1 used in a system for production of microalgae for pharmaceutical use.
11. The method of claim 1 used in a sewage treatment system.
12. An apparatus comprising: a) a reservoir containing an aqueous suspension of microalgae; b) a mixer unit into which said suspension of microalgae from said reservoir is introduced together with a flocculating agent for the purpose of providing mixing of said microalgae with said flocculating agent, causing flocculation of said microalgae; c) a froth flotation column into which said flocculated microalgae are introduced, said froth flotation column having an overflow outlet of adjustable height; d) means of dispersing a gas into fine bubbles for contact with said flocculated suspension in said flotation column in order to form a layer of froth containing agglomerates of bubbles and algae, such that when said froth layer is formed in said adjustable height froth flotation column, said overflow outlet removes said froth; e) means of mechanically filtering said froth; and f) an additional means of drying froth after filtration.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said froth flotation column comprises a telescopic column of adjustable height, consisting of a series of concentric tubes of increasing diameter stacked one inside the other and held in selected positions by means of rubber rings situated between the outer wall of one tube and the inner wall of the tube of greater diameter in which the first tube is situated.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said froth is removed from said flotation column via an overflow outlet by adjusting the position of said outlet to correspond to the position of said froth layer by adjusting the height of said telescopic flotation column.
15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein height of said telescopic flotation column is adjusted by operating a piston or other mechanical means.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said piston is operated manually.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said piston is operated automatically in response to the position of said froth layer.
18. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the means of drying said froth comprises a drying chamber.
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Description
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an apparatus and method for separation of microalgae from water without rupturing cells, in order to obtain dry, concentrated biomass and in particular to a system including a flotation column provided with an overflow outlet of adjustable height.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Microalgae are unicellular organisms, which produce oxygen by photosynthesis. Over 100,000 species of microalgae are known and discovering new uses for them is a major component in the development of industries based on biotechnology. Microalgae are particularly useful because of their high growth rate and tolerance to varying environmental conditions.
Microalgae have uses in the production of vitamins, pharmaceuticals, natural dyes, as a source of fatty acids, proteins and other biochemicals in health food products. Factors derived from microalgae have also been claimed to prevent neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and macular degeneration, which leads to blindness. They are effective in the biological control of agricultural pests; as soil conditioners and biofertilizers in agriculture; for the production of oxygen and removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and toxic substances in sewage treatment; and in biodegradation of plastics.
Microalgae have use as a renewable biomass source for the production of a diesel fuel substitute (biodiesel) and for electricity generation. Burning of fossil fuels in power plants is a primary contributor to excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which has been linked to global climatic change. Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere can be significantly reduced by operation of microalgae fuel farms in tandem with fossil fuel plants to scrub CO2 from flue gases. If the microalgae are used to produce fuel, a mass culture facility reduces the CO2 emission from the power plant by approximately 50%.
Due to the wide range of uses of microalgae and microalgae-based products, an effective method of harvesting microalgae is essential. The effective separation of microalgae from water is a crucial step in this process.
Conventional methods for harvesting microalgae are centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration under pressure through a microstrainer and flocculation with chemical flocculants. The disadvantages of these methods are as follows:
1. Centrifugation
This method is long, complicated and costly. It causes cells to rupture, thereby causing many of the biologically and chemically active materials to be lost or damaged. The cost of electricity, reagents and maintenance of centrifuge may constitute up to 25% of the total production cost. The process is complex, a large capital investment is required, and a relatively low yield is obtained. Operation of the machine is also extremely noisy. In addition, centrifugation is unsuitable for separation of very small microalgae, since for organisms of less than 5 mk a very high rotational speed is necessary (>10,000 rev/min).
2. Sedimentation
This method gives inefficient concentration of biomass.
3. Filtration Under Pressure through a Microstrainer
This method has the advantage of low power requirement (0.2-0.4 kW). However, it is suitable only for fairly large microalgae (e.g. Spirulina Platensis, 300 micrometers long or Coelastrium Proboseidum 30 micrometers diameter).
4. Flocculation
This method uses chemical flocculants, e.g. aluminium sulfate. This limits applicability for food and pharmaceutical products, as it requires subsequent removal, thereby increasing production costs. Dehydration is then usually carried out either by artificial heat or sun drying. The former is costly. It involves ejecting the algae suspension containing 6-8% dry matter onto a rotating steam heated drum which heats the cells to 120 degrees in a few seconds. A 1 kg dry algae mass requires evaporation of 18 kg water. The sun drying method is very slow.
Guelcher et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,254) and Kanel et al., (U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,875) describe an adsorptive bubble separation method for dewatering suspensions of microalgae. This invention involves an apparatus having a number of complex recirculation zones to eliminate liquid communication while generating a froth consisting of bubbles and adsorbed algal cells that can be separated from the aqueous suspension.
A column flotation method and apparatus for the removal of mineral ores from a liquid suspension has been described by Jameson (U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,865). In this method, the liquid is introduced into the upper part of a first column into which air is entrained forming a downwardly moving foam bed. Liquid and entrained air from the lower part of the first column is passed into a second column and froth from the foam is allowed to separate from liquid in the second column forming a liquid-froth interface. The froth layer containing the floatable particles rises upwards to discharge through a suitably placed outlet.
In this apparatus, the liquid-froth interface must therefore be adjusted to the fixed level of the outlet. Precise adjustment of the foam level is difficult to implement, resulting in a certain proportion of particles, contained in the froth layer, to remain below the outlet level and therefore to remain in the column, thus reducing the yield.
A further feature of this invention is that liquid is injected in the form of a jet which points downwards and entrains the air, creating a bed of dense foam. This method, if applied to algae would cause a significant amount of cell breakage. In addition, frothing agents are generally added to the solution to create a stable foam layer, which is undesirable in the case of algae intended for use in health or food products.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a method for separation of microalgae from water which is less costly, easier to use, involves a lower energy consumption, provides a high yield and preserves the integrity of the cell structure, enabling retention of desirable cell components.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost-effective method of obtaining dry, concentrated biomass from an aqueous solution of microalgae, without causing the cells to be ruptured.
The present invention describes a three-stage process, comprising flocculation, flotation and dehydration. The invention is suitable for enterprises engaged in growing microalgae of all types and therefore for all applications, including food and pharmaceutical products. It can be adapted towards specific species if necessary. The system is cheaper and faster than currently available methods and retains many of the properties of the microalgae which are lost in conventional technologies. The system is simple to use and inexpensive to maintain. The separator has no internal moving parts. No special operator training is required in order to operate and maintain the system.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, microalgae suspension from a reservoir is passed to a mixer unit where flocculation occurs. The flocculated suspension is then directed to a flotation column of adjustable height into which CO.sub.2 (or air) is fed through a disperser, producing bubbles of uniform size. The bubbles carry electrostatically adsorbed flocs to the surface of the liquid, forming a foam layer, which is skimmed off at the top through an overflow outlet. Purified water is discharged through the bottom. Microalgae are filtered through cloth, dried and packed. Solid biomass is passed through a filtration unit and further dried in a drying chamber.
A feature of the invention is the telescopic design of the column, which allows the height to be adjusted so that the position of the overflow outlet corresponds to the position of the foam layer, resulting in efficient removal of foam.
The advantages of the present invention include high yield, absence of rotating parts; a low power requirement (power is needed only for driving the air blower); the possibility of controlling air flow rate and dispersion; small floor space requirement; low capital investment and suitable for use with most species of microalgae, including those as small as 0.5 um. The present invention also preserves the intact structure of the cells and is almost noiseless.
Other features and advantages of the method will become apparent from the following drawings and description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which like numbers designate corresponding elements or sections throughout, and in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the process by which dry microalgae are obtained from a solution of algae in mass culture;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the process of separation of dry microalgae from suspension; and
FIG. 3 illustrates the column flotation apparatus, according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A process comprising the stages of flocculation, flotation and dehydration is described in the present invention. To better understand the invention, each of the three stages is generally defined as follows:
1. Flocculation
Flocculation is the process by which microalgae of microscopic size, suspended in a liquid medium, form stable aggregates.
2. Flotation
Bubbles possess a static charge so organic material in liquid medium becomes attached to oppositely charged bubbles. Bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid medium carrying electrostatically adsorbed flocs with them, forming a foam layer. The froth containing the algae is skimmed off through an overflow outlet.
3. Dehydration
Foam with algae is separated from froth. Microalgae are filtered through cloth, dried and packed. Removal of solid biomass from aqueous suspension is carried out periodically by filtration. After filtration, the biomass is further dehydrated in a drying chamber.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is seen a microalgae production system 10, typically comprising a pond 12, a source of CO2 14, a pump 16, a microalgae separator 18, a foam overflow outlet 20, a filtration unit 70 and a drying chamber 80. This system operates according to the processes of flocculation, flotation and dehydration. The above-mentioned processes are further expanded upon in the context of the present invention.
In system 10, microalgae are grown in an open-air raceway type shallow pond 12 i.e. one in which mixing is carried out by operation of paddle wheels, connected with a source 14 of CO2. Pond 12 is filled with fresh or sea-water. The open air surface of pond 12 permits absorption of sunlight. The CO2 is fixed in system 10 by the microalgae and converted into organic matter by solar energy.
Microalgae suspension from pond 12 is transferred by operation of pump 16 to microalgae separator 18, in which the processes of flocculation and flotation are carried out. Dissolved air or CO2 in water is fed into microalgae separator 18 through a disperser 24. Foam containing microalgae obtained in the flotation process is skimmed off via an overflow outlet 20. Purified water passes out of microalgae separator 18 via outlet 44. The foam is passed to a filtration unit 70 and is further dried in a drying chamber 80, resulting in dry biomass 82. Purified water passes out of chamber 80 through outlet 81.
FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the microalgae separation process, constructed and operated in accordance with the principles of the present invention, showing further details of the microalgae separator 18 of FIG. 1.
Microalgae suspension from pond 12 is transferred by operation of pump 16 to reservoir 22. The rate of flow of the suspension is measured by a flowmeter 17 and can be regulated by a valve 19.
Pressure is monitored at various points of the system by pressure gauges P to facilitate smooth operation.
Suspension from reservoir 22 is passed to a mixer unit 26, which has a mixing device 28 of variable speed, where flocculation is carried out. Flow velocity is controlled by a valve 23. Flocculation involves treating of microalgae with a flocculant 30, added by means of a pump 31, measured by a dosimeter 32 and controlled by a valve 33, then bringing the microalgae into contact with each other by stirring with mixing device 28 so that aggregation can occur.
The pH of the suspension is first checked and brought to a value of less than 7 if necessary, by the addition of acid 34, which is added by operation of a pump 36. The amount of acid added is measured by a dosimeter 37 and is regulated by valve 38.
The concentration of the algae in suspension is checked by an optical density method in order to determine the amount of flocculant 30 required. Algae usually grow as a dilute suspension (200-500 mg/l). 100-300 g flocculate/ton of algae is used.
One of the flocculating agents used is modified starch, which is harmless in the subsequent use of algae. Other flocculating agents used include ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate and ketosones.
Flocculating agent 30 is added to the microalgae suspension in mixer unit 26. The mixture is then stirred by operation of mixing device 28 at a speed of 90 cycles/min for 5 minutes, after which time destabilization is essentially complete, then at 30 cycles/min for 15 minutes to bring particles into contact so that aggregates can form. The mixture is then left for flocculation to occur.
After the flocculation stage, the suspension is directed to flotation column 40 via inlet 41, regulated by valve 43.
Water and carbon dioxide (or air) are fed into a hydraulic saturator 25 at 6 atm to dissolve the gas in water. Water is fed in by pump 90, measured by flowmeter 91 and regulated by valve 92. CO2 is fed in from compressor 93, with flow rate measured by flowmeter 95 and regulated by valve 96.
The dissolved gas in water is transferred to flotation column 40 through a disperser 24, forming tiny bubbles. Flow rate of dissolved gas in water is controlled by valve 97. A layer of foam containing microalgae is formed on the liquid layer in the column, which can be skimmed off through the overflow outlet 20, the position of which is adjusted by piston 50. Purified water passes out of column 40 via outlet 44, controlled by valve 98.
After removal from flotation column 40 via overflow outlet 20, the foam containing microalgae is passed to a filtration unit 70, filtered through cloth in a filter 71, dried in a drying chamber 80 and packed, resulting in dry, biomass concentrate 82. Water is returned into the basic process via outlet 81, controlled by valve 83.
FIG. 3 shows the flotation column 40. Suspension containing flocculated microalgae is fed into column 40 via inlet 41. Dissolved gas in water is fed into flotation column 40 through disperser 24 under atmospheric conditions. The change in pressure permits the gas to come out of solution, which forms tiny bubbles. Disperser 24 consists of perforated rubber tubes, which ensure uniformity of the bubbles.
As the bubbles form, they collide with microalgae flocs, which become electrostatically adsorbed. The lower density of the gas relative to the medium causes bubble-microalgae agglomerates to float to the surface of the liquid and accumulate as a foam layer 46. The main factor governing flotation is the relative motion of flocs and bubbles, which determines the probability of bubble-particle attachment, bubble charging and flotation rate.
Column apparatus have the advantage of absence of rotating parts; low power requirements; large aerated volume; possibility of controlling air-flow rate and dispersion; small floor space and low capital investment.
The foam containing the algae is skimmed off at the top of the flotation column 40 through an overflow outlet 20. The purified water remaining in the column after removal of algae is discharged through an outlet 44 at the bottom of the column. The flotation process is regulated through the water and gas flow rates.
The flotation column 40 has a telescopic structure, enabling the position of overflow outlet 20 to be adjusted by contracting or expanding the height of the column 40. This is an improvement over conventional flotation columns in which the overflow outlet is fixed, so that the foam layer must be adjusted to the height of the outlet, and any part of the layer remaining below the level of the outlet remains in the column. The height of column 40 is adjusted by operation of a piston 50, so that the position of the overflow outlet 20 can be adjusted according to the position of the foam layer 46, allowing foam to easily overflow from the surface of the liquid. Adjustment of column height via the piston 50, may be carried out manually, or automatically by employing a sensor to detect the position of the foam layer, such as the float-type level transducer model NM produced commercially by KOBOLD Messring GmBH, Germany.
Column 40 consists of a series of concentric tubes 51, 52, 53 stacked one inside the other, held in position by rubber rings 54 situated between the outer wall of one tube and the inner wall of the tube of greater diameter in which the first tube is positioned. Frictional force between the rings 54 and the surface of the walls of the tube of greater diameter on one side and the surface of the walls of the tube of lesser diameter on the other side is able to retain the relative positions of the two tubes and thereby maintain the arrangement of the column in the required position i.e. in which the position of the overflow outlet corresponds to the foam layer in the column.
Alteration of the height of the column requires provision of a force of magnitude greater than the frictional force acting between the rubber ring and the walls of the two tubes between which the ring is situated. This may be provided by piston 50 or other means.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, piston 50 employing a high pressure air system is used. Air under high pressure enters the upper compartment of piston 50 through valve 55, thereby exerting a force on plunger 56, which causes it to be pushed down. High-pressure air leaves the upper compartment of piston 50 via valve 57. Push-rod 58 of plunger 56 has a rigid constraint with upper tube 51 of column 40, therefore forced downward movement of plunger 56, together with push-rod 58, causes simultaneous downward movement of column 40.
When the column height is altered, the ring 54 is in a fixed position relative to the outer surface of the tube of smaller diameter and moves relative to the inner surface of the tube of greater diameter. Piston 50 acts directly on the uppermost tube 51 of the column 40. Projection rings 60 are situated below the overflow outlet 20 on the outer surface of the uppermost tube 51. As the uppermost tube 51 is pushed downwards, these projection rings 60 make contact with the upper surface of the second tube 52, causing pressure to be exerted on the second tube 52. When this pressure exceeds the frictional force between the outer wall of the second tube 52 and the rubber rings 54 holding the tube 52 in position, the second tube 52 will be pushed downwards.
In order to raise the tubes 51, 52, 53 and increase the height of column 40 after the tubes have been lowered, high pressure air is fed into the lower compartment of piston 50 through valve 62, pushing plunger 56, together with push-rod 58 upwards. This causes tube 51 to be raised. High-pressure air leaves the lower compartment of piston 50 via valve 63.
Tubes 51 and 52 are provided with integrally formed projection rings 64 on their lower ends, which, when raised, engage with the upper rims 66 of the tubes of greater diameter (52 and 53 respectively). By this method, once tube 51 is raised to its maximum height, tube 52 will be engaged by projection rings 64 of tube 51, and continued upward pressure applied to plunger 56 will cause tube 52 to begin its upward motion.
Similarly, upon tube 52 reaching its maximum height, tube 53 will be engaged by projection rings 64 provided on tube 52. Tube 53 is supported by a stand (not shown) which prevents tube 53 from being pulled upwards. Therefore, once projection ring 64 of tube 52 engages with upper rim 66 of tube 53, column 40 has attained its maximum height.
Removal of solid biomass from aqueous suspension is carried out periodically in a filtration unit 70. After filtration, the biomass is further dehydrated in a drying chamber 80, resulting in dry, concentrated biomass 82.
In summary, the present invention provides a cheap, simple and efficient method of separating microalgae from water, requiring low energy consumption, which does not cause rupturing of the cell. The end result is dry, concentrated biomass in which cells remain intact, thereby retaining all important properties and constituents of the microalgae.
Having described the invention with regard to certain specific embodiments, it is to be understood that the description is not meant as a limitation since further modifications may now suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Original patent application here
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To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil
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Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil
a. Xiaoling Miaoa, b. and Qingyu Wua
a. Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
b. Department of Biological Sciences, Ningde Teachers College, Fujian, Ningde 352100, PR China
Available online 4 June 2005.
Abstract
The present study introduced an integrated method for the production of biodiesel from microalgal oil. Heterotrophic growth of Chlorella protothecoides resulted in the accumulation of high lipid content (55%) in cells. Large amount of microalgal oil was efficiently extracted from these heterotrophic cells by using n-hexane. Biodiesel comparable to conventional diesel was obtained from heterotrophic microalgal oil by acidic transesterification. The best process combination was 100% catalyst quantity (based on oil weight) with 56:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil at temperature of 30 °C, which reduced product specific gravity from an initial value of 0.912 to a final value of 0.8637 in about 4 h of reaction time. The results suggested that the new process, which combined bioengineering and transesterification, was a feasible and effective method for the production of high quality biodiesel from microalgal oil.
Keywords: Biodiesel; Transesterification; Microalgal oil; Heterotrophic; Chlorella protothecoides; Acid catalyst
Source page: @ Science Direct
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
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Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil
a. Xiaoling Miaoa, b. and Qingyu Wua
a. Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
b. Department of Biological Sciences, Ningde Teachers College, Fujian, Ningde 352100, PR China
Available online 4 June 2005.
Abstract
The present study introduced an integrated method for the production of biodiesel from microalgal oil. Heterotrophic growth of Chlorella protothecoides resulted in the accumulation of high lipid content (55%) in cells. Large amount of microalgal oil was efficiently extracted from these heterotrophic cells by using n-hexane. Biodiesel comparable to conventional diesel was obtained from heterotrophic microalgal oil by acidic transesterification. The best process combination was 100% catalyst quantity (based on oil weight) with 56:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil at temperature of 30 °C, which reduced product specific gravity from an initial value of 0.912 to a final value of 0.8637 in about 4 h of reaction time. The results suggested that the new process, which combined bioengineering and transesterification, was a feasible and effective method for the production of high quality biodiesel from microalgal oil.
Keywords: Biodiesel; Transesterification; Microalgal oil; Heterotrophic; Chlorella protothecoides; Acid catalyst
Source page: @ Science Direct
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Study Production of Micro algea-based Products - Algetech, Norway
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Study Production of Micro algea-based Products - Algetech, Norway
Author: Jan Berg-Nilsen
A map of available production methods for micro algae and market opportunities for algae-based products as a basis for establishing commercial operations.
Abstract:
With the starting point that there is considerable knowledge about micro algae in the Nordic Region, Algetech Produkter AS has carried out a study to map available production methods for micro algae and market opportunities for algae-based products as a basis for commercial activity.
Algetech Produkter AS has focused on creating an alliance of expert circles so that the necessary knowledge and competence would make it possible to achieve the objective of the project. Since there is relatively little experience of algae cultivation under Nordic conditions, trial production on an industrial scale has also been carried out to confirm that the climatic conditions are present for algae production in the Nordic Region.
The study is therefore also a pilot project for a planned industrial project. During the project period the group has collaborated with participants from throughout the Nordic Region except Finland. Data has been collected on technical, market and economic matters which, together with the result of the trial production, will form the basis for continued progress and realisation of plant for production of micro algae.
The study will in part be publicly available immediately, whilst part will be of a confidential nature for the present.
Public part:
A. Mapping of available production methods to improve established technology if possible
B. Market description (global for algae-based products and collection of information on Nordic industries that can employ or use algae-based raw materials)
C. Overview of Nordic expertise and resource centres
D. Report from trial production
Confidential part:
Preparation of business plan that will build on results achieved from trial production and will contain technical description of the planned project, capital requirement, operating budget, financing plan and marketing and sales strategy.
The study was carried out during the period 2004-2005 and the first half of 2006 and the long term objective was to show the probability of production of micro algae on an industrial scale in the Nordic Region.
Participants
Denmark
Niels Henrik Norsker, Indepedent Reseacher
Sweden
Billerud AB,
Fredik Larsson, Production Manager
Germany
Institut fûr Getreideverarbeitung, IGV GmbH,
Institutt leder og Professor Otto Pulz
Dipl.-Chem Horst Franke
Norway
Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning, NIVA
Torsten Källqvist, Research Manager
Olav Skulberg, Senior Forsker
Gavita AS
Trond Vegger, General Manager
EWOS Innovation
Einar Wathne, International Coordinator
Algetech Produkter AS
Morten Engebretsen, Financial Adviser
Jan Erik Mikkelborg, biophycisist
Jan Berg-Nilsen, Chairman
In addition we have cooperated with a number of people and institutions in the Nordic
countries in order to gather information on the subject.
Title:
Production of Micro algae based products
Nordic Innovation Centre project number:
03109
Author(s):
Jan Berg-Nilsen
Institution(s):
Algetech Produkter AS
Key words:
Microalgae, photobioreactor, greenhouse, artificial lights, organic substances, mixotrophic, cultivation
Distributed by: Nordic Innovation Centre
Stensberggata 25
NO-0170 Oslo, Norway
Contact person:
Jan Berg-Nilsen E-mail: [algetech]@[aquaflor].[no] (remove [] for email address)
Algetech Produkter AS Phone: +47-22 42 72 25
Box 1571 Vika
N-0118 Oslo, Norway
Full report available here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Study Production of Micro algea-based Products - Algetech, Norway
Author: Jan Berg-Nilsen
A map of available production methods for micro algae and market opportunities for algae-based products as a basis for establishing commercial operations.
Abstract:
With the starting point that there is considerable knowledge about micro algae in the Nordic Region, Algetech Produkter AS has carried out a study to map available production methods for micro algae and market opportunities for algae-based products as a basis for commercial activity.
Algetech Produkter AS has focused on creating an alliance of expert circles so that the necessary knowledge and competence would make it possible to achieve the objective of the project. Since there is relatively little experience of algae cultivation under Nordic conditions, trial production on an industrial scale has also been carried out to confirm that the climatic conditions are present for algae production in the Nordic Region.
The study is therefore also a pilot project for a planned industrial project. During the project period the group has collaborated with participants from throughout the Nordic Region except Finland. Data has been collected on technical, market and economic matters which, together with the result of the trial production, will form the basis for continued progress and realisation of plant for production of micro algae.
The study will in part be publicly available immediately, whilst part will be of a confidential nature for the present.
Public part:
A. Mapping of available production methods to improve established technology if possible
B. Market description (global for algae-based products and collection of information on Nordic industries that can employ or use algae-based raw materials)
C. Overview of Nordic expertise and resource centres
D. Report from trial production
Confidential part:
Preparation of business plan that will build on results achieved from trial production and will contain technical description of the planned project, capital requirement, operating budget, financing plan and marketing and sales strategy.
The study was carried out during the period 2004-2005 and the first half of 2006 and the long term objective was to show the probability of production of micro algae on an industrial scale in the Nordic Region.
Participants
Denmark
Niels Henrik Norsker, Indepedent Reseacher
Sweden
Billerud AB,
Fredik Larsson, Production Manager
Germany
Institut fûr Getreideverarbeitung, IGV GmbH,
Institutt leder og Professor Otto Pulz
Dipl.-Chem Horst Franke
Norway
Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning, NIVA
Torsten Källqvist, Research Manager
Olav Skulberg, Senior Forsker
Gavita AS
Trond Vegger, General Manager
EWOS Innovation
Einar Wathne, International Coordinator
Algetech Produkter AS
Morten Engebretsen, Financial Adviser
Jan Erik Mikkelborg, biophycisist
Jan Berg-Nilsen, Chairman
In addition we have cooperated with a number of people and institutions in the Nordic
countries in order to gather information on the subject.
Title:
Production of Micro algae based products
Nordic Innovation Centre project number:
03109
Author(s):
Jan Berg-Nilsen
Institution(s):
Algetech Produkter AS
Key words:
Microalgae, photobioreactor, greenhouse, artificial lights, organic substances, mixotrophic, cultivation
Distributed by: Nordic Innovation Centre
Stensberggata 25
NO-0170 Oslo, Norway
Contact person:
Jan Berg-Nilsen E-mail: [algetech]@[aquaflor].[no] (remove [] for email address)
Algetech Produkter AS Phone: +47-22 42 72 25
Box 1571 Vika
N-0118 Oslo, Norway
Full report available here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Understanding U.S. Biodiesel Industry Growth using System Dynamics Modeling
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Understanding U.S. Biodiesel Industry Growth using System Dynamics Modeling - Steven G. Bantz and Dr. Michael L. Deaton
Original paper here (2006) (PDF Format)
Abstract—The production capacity of the biodiesel industry is experiencing exponential growth. Demand is driven by environmental, social, and economic factors and helped along by government mandates and incentives. Suppliers are having difficulty keeping up with demand. The U.S. production capacity has grown by a factor of ten in the past two years, and between thirty and forty new plants are currently in or near construction phase. Continued strong growth of biodiesel production capacity depends on producer/supplier profitability, which will be influenced by several factors such as biomass oil feedstock prices, product/co-product prices, production technologies, and government regulations/incentives. How, why, and to what extent will the growth of the biodiesel industry be influenced by these factors? To explore possible answers to these questions, we describe the formulation of a system dynamics model of the U.S. biodiesel marketplace. The construction and use of this model will provide a framework for understanding the causal-loop/feedback structure and dynamics of this industry and how changes in key variables (e.g. feedstock price or change in government incentives) impact growth. Using system dynamics modeling, we envision and put into perspective the possible growth behavior scenarios for this industry over the next decade.
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Understanding U.S. Biodiesel Industry Growth using System Dynamics Modeling - Steven G. Bantz and Dr. Michael L. Deaton
Original paper here (2006) (PDF Format)
Abstract—The production capacity of the biodiesel industry is experiencing exponential growth. Demand is driven by environmental, social, and economic factors and helped along by government mandates and incentives. Suppliers are having difficulty keeping up with demand. The U.S. production capacity has grown by a factor of ten in the past two years, and between thirty and forty new plants are currently in or near construction phase. Continued strong growth of biodiesel production capacity depends on producer/supplier profitability, which will be influenced by several factors such as biomass oil feedstock prices, product/co-product prices, production technologies, and government regulations/incentives. How, why, and to what extent will the growth of the biodiesel industry be influenced by these factors? To explore possible answers to these questions, we describe the formulation of a system dynamics model of the U.S. biodiesel marketplace. The construction and use of this model will provide a framework for understanding the causal-loop/feedback structure and dynamics of this industry and how changes in key variables (e.g. feedstock price or change in government incentives) impact growth. Using system dynamics modeling, we envision and put into perspective the possible growth behavior scenarios for this industry over the next decade.
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Tri-Glyceride Production from Algae Grown on Dairy Anaerobic Digester Effluent
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Tri-Glyceride Production from Algae Grown on Dairy Anaerobic Digester Effluent
Source: Paper presented at Tech Grid Conference at San Francisco, Nov 2006, CA
Alexandra D. Holland, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Rhonda Schmidt, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Nam Nguyen, Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Joe M. Dragavon, Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, and Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya, Microbiology, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105.
Persistent rises in fossil fuels are rendering bioenergy production on the farm an increasingly attractive alternative. In addition, increasing farm animal densities in the state of Washington are producing a concentrated manure surplus, which exceeds the amount usable on local agricultural lands as fertilizer.
In the context of the NSF MCCE IGERT fellowship (Multinational Collaboration on Challenges to the Environment, Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship) at the University of Washington, our interdisciplinary team has looked at the integration of Anaerobic Digestion (AD) and biofuel (as Tri-Acyl-Glycerol or TAG) production on dairy farms. In this process, the evolved AD methane is combusted to produce electrical power, and the resulting carbon dioxide is used to enrich the algae reactor. The nutrient-rich AD effluent is fed to the algae, thus by-passing the need to purchase fertilizer. Preliminary feasibility studies were based on existing AD operations (Van derHaak dairy, WA) and pilot airlift photobioreactors (Greenfuel Co., MA).
Preliminary experiments have assessed the robustness of various algal strains documented in the 1998 NREL report: “A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae” when given AD effluent as a nutrient source. In parallel, as developed in the NREL report, algae populations have been isolated from farm environments, fed on AD effluent, and sorted for fatty acid accumulation by flow cytometry. These results will be incorporated in the Puget Sound Energy photobioreactor pilot project in the state of Washington
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Tri-Glyceride Production from Algae Grown on Dairy Anaerobic Digester Effluent
Source: Paper presented at Tech Grid Conference at San Francisco, Nov 2006, CA
Alexandra D. Holland, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Rhonda Schmidt, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Nam Nguyen, Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Joe M. Dragavon, Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, and Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya, Microbiology, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105.
Persistent rises in fossil fuels are rendering bioenergy production on the farm an increasingly attractive alternative. In addition, increasing farm animal densities in the state of Washington are producing a concentrated manure surplus, which exceeds the amount usable on local agricultural lands as fertilizer.
In the context of the NSF MCCE IGERT fellowship (Multinational Collaboration on Challenges to the Environment, Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship) at the University of Washington, our interdisciplinary team has looked at the integration of Anaerobic Digestion (AD) and biofuel (as Tri-Acyl-Glycerol or TAG) production on dairy farms. In this process, the evolved AD methane is combusted to produce electrical power, and the resulting carbon dioxide is used to enrich the algae reactor. The nutrient-rich AD effluent is fed to the algae, thus by-passing the need to purchase fertilizer. Preliminary feasibility studies were based on existing AD operations (Van derHaak dairy, WA) and pilot airlift photobioreactors (Greenfuel Co., MA).
Preliminary experiments have assessed the robustness of various algal strains documented in the 1998 NREL report: “A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae” when given AD effluent as a nutrient source. In parallel, as developed in the NREL report, algae populations have been isolated from farm environments, fed on AD effluent, and sorted for fatty acid accumulation by flow cytometry. These results will be incorporated in the Puget Sound Energy photobioreactor pilot project in the state of Washington
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Treatment of Dairy Manure Using Benthic Algae
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Title: TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE USING BENTHIC ALGAE
Authors - Mulbry, Walter, Westhead, Elizabeth, Pizarro, Carolina, Wilkie, Ann - UNIV OF FLORIDA
Submitted to: International Society for Applied Phycology Congress
Publication Type: Abstract
Publication Acceptance Date: January 28, 2002
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: An alternative to land spreading of manures is to grow crops of algae on the nitrogen and phosphorus present in the manure. Compared to terrestrial plants, filamentous algae have exceedingly high growth and nutrient uptake rates. Moreover, they are capable of year-round growth in temperate climates, can be harvested on adapted farm-scale equipment, and yield a valuable biomass. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate and develop one method of growing filamentous algae (an algal turf scrubber (ATS)) to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and soluble carbon from dairy manure. Laboratory scale experiments were conducted using natural mixtures of algae that were fed diluted dairy manure. Results from nutrient balance results show that most of the manure nitrogen, and nearly all of the manure phosphorus, was taken up by the algae. Results from these experiments are important because they show for the first time that dairy manure contains all of the necessary nutrients needed for algae growth in this type of system. In addition, the nutrient balance results show that manure nitrogen and phosphorus are effectively captured in this system. The resulting algal biomass may find use as a protein supplement to animal feed, a feedstock for biodiesel, or as a source of biocontrol agents for plant pathogens.
Technical Abstract: An alternative to land spreading of manures is to grow crops of algae on the nitrogen and phosphorus present in the manure. Compared to terrestrial plants, filamentous algae have exceedingly high growth and nutrient uptake rates. Moreover, they are capable of year-round growth in temperate climates, can be harvested on adapted farm-scale equipment, and yield a biomass that may find use as a protein supplement to animal feed, a feedstock for biodiesel, or as a source of biocontrol agents for plant pathogens. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate and develop algal turf scrubber (ATS) technology to remove N, P and soluble carbon from dairy manure. Laboratory-scale ATS units were seeded with algal consortia from nearby streams. The algal turfs were established at 25 C using a 16 hour photoperiod with two 400 watt metal halide lights, a flow rate of 111 Lpm, and grown using dairy manure from two different dairy yfarms. The pH of the systems was maintained at pH 7-7.5 to minimize ammonia volatilization. After the turfs were established, daily additions of manure were increased each week until the amounts reached 1-2 g TN/day. Each week, algal biomass was harvested and approximately one-half of the ATS wastewater was replaced with distilled water. Algal biomass was dried prior to analysis for total nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TKP), and inorganic constituents. Wastewater samples were collected weekly and stored at 4 C prior to analysis for TKN, TKP, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, conductivity, and COD. The dried algae contained 1-2% P and 6.7% N. Algal nitrogen accounted for 75-90% of TKN added. Algal phosphorus accounted for >95% of TKP added.
Original page here
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Title: TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE USING BENTHIC ALGAE
Authors - Mulbry, Walter, Westhead, Elizabeth, Pizarro, Carolina, Wilkie, Ann - UNIV OF FLORIDA
Submitted to: International Society for Applied Phycology Congress
Publication Type: Abstract
Publication Acceptance Date: January 28, 2002
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: An alternative to land spreading of manures is to grow crops of algae on the nitrogen and phosphorus present in the manure. Compared to terrestrial plants, filamentous algae have exceedingly high growth and nutrient uptake rates. Moreover, they are capable of year-round growth in temperate climates, can be harvested on adapted farm-scale equipment, and yield a valuable biomass. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate and develop one method of growing filamentous algae (an algal turf scrubber (ATS)) to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and soluble carbon from dairy manure. Laboratory scale experiments were conducted using natural mixtures of algae that were fed diluted dairy manure. Results from nutrient balance results show that most of the manure nitrogen, and nearly all of the manure phosphorus, was taken up by the algae. Results from these experiments are important because they show for the first time that dairy manure contains all of the necessary nutrients needed for algae growth in this type of system. In addition, the nutrient balance results show that manure nitrogen and phosphorus are effectively captured in this system. The resulting algal biomass may find use as a protein supplement to animal feed, a feedstock for biodiesel, or as a source of biocontrol agents for plant pathogens.
Technical Abstract: An alternative to land spreading of manures is to grow crops of algae on the nitrogen and phosphorus present in the manure. Compared to terrestrial plants, filamentous algae have exceedingly high growth and nutrient uptake rates. Moreover, they are capable of year-round growth in temperate climates, can be harvested on adapted farm-scale equipment, and yield a biomass that may find use as a protein supplement to animal feed, a feedstock for biodiesel, or as a source of biocontrol agents for plant pathogens. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate and develop algal turf scrubber (ATS) technology to remove N, P and soluble carbon from dairy manure. Laboratory-scale ATS units were seeded with algal consortia from nearby streams. The algal turfs were established at 25 C using a 16 hour photoperiod with two 400 watt metal halide lights, a flow rate of 111 Lpm, and grown using dairy manure from two different dairy yfarms. The pH of the systems was maintained at pH 7-7.5 to minimize ammonia volatilization. After the turfs were established, daily additions of manure were increased each week until the amounts reached 1-2 g TN/day. Each week, algal biomass was harvested and approximately one-half of the ATS wastewater was replaced with distilled water. Algal biomass was dried prior to analysis for total nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TKP), and inorganic constituents. Wastewater samples were collected weekly and stored at 4 C prior to analysis for TKN, TKP, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, conductivity, and COD. The dried algae contained 1-2% P and 6.7% N. Algal nitrogen accounted for 75-90% of TKN added. Algal phosphorus accounted for >95% of TKP added.
Original page here
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Biodiesel from Scenedesmus Obliquus Algae
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Biodiesel from Scenedesmus Obliquus Algae - presented at 2006 Annual Conference - San Francisco, CA - Technical Program Grid
Maria I. Monteverde, Juan C. Flores, and Jose A. Colucci. Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00680
During decades micro algae have been studied for its nutritional potential value. Recently, other applications involving the use of this common and big contributor to aquatic life organism has emerged. At this time, the technology has improved in such manner that the possibility to produce fuel in the form of oils using this living organism as the raw material is a reality. Studies performed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) indicate that the oil productivity (pounds/acre-year) of micro algae could be 20 times higher than the best oil producing crop. In this project we will investigate the algae Scenedesmus obliquus which composition demonstrates a big percent of oil. By using Scenedesmus obliquus, which is part of our ecosystem and is very accessible, a more environmental friendly and renewal fuel can be produced. The reproduction of this algae will be achieved using its usual pathway, photosynthesis, taking in consideration its natural ecosystem and creating a setup that includes the correct proportion of carbon dioxide and visible light to reproduce them as in its natural environment. Then, to extract oil more efficiently, the well known method of “expeller/press” will be used to remove the oil produced by this algae. At last but no least, the feasibility of producing biodiesel from this kind of oil will be analyzed and assessed.
Keywords: Scenedesmus obliquus, micro algae, expeller/press
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Biodiesel from Scenedesmus Obliquus Algae - presented at 2006 Annual Conference - San Francisco, CA - Technical Program Grid
Maria I. Monteverde, Juan C. Flores, and Jose A. Colucci. Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00680
During decades micro algae have been studied for its nutritional potential value. Recently, other applications involving the use of this common and big contributor to aquatic life organism has emerged. At this time, the technology has improved in such manner that the possibility to produce fuel in the form of oils using this living organism as the raw material is a reality. Studies performed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) indicate that the oil productivity (pounds/acre-year) of micro algae could be 20 times higher than the best oil producing crop. In this project we will investigate the algae Scenedesmus obliquus which composition demonstrates a big percent of oil. By using Scenedesmus obliquus, which is part of our ecosystem and is very accessible, a more environmental friendly and renewal fuel can be produced. The reproduction of this algae will be achieved using its usual pathway, photosynthesis, taking in consideration its natural ecosystem and creating a setup that includes the correct proportion of carbon dioxide and visible light to reproduce them as in its natural environment. Then, to extract oil more efficiently, the well known method of “expeller/press” will be used to remove the oil produced by this algae. At last but no least, the feasibility of producing biodiesel from this kind of oil will be analyzed and assessed.
Keywords: Scenedesmus obliquus, micro algae, expeller/press
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in algae, bacteria and lake sediments
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
An abstract of a 1967 research paper on the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in algae, in bacteria and in lake sediments
ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES, II.*
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
ALIPHA TIC HYDROCARBONS IN ALGAE, IN BACTERIA,
AND IN A RECENT LAKE SEDIMENTt
BY JERRY HAN, E. D. MCCARTHY, WILLIAM VAN HOEVEN,
MELVIN CALVIN, AND W. H. BRADLEY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, SPACE SCIENCES LABORATORY, AND LABORATORY OF
CHEMICAL BIODYNAMICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, AND U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Communicated November 20, 1967
The theory that algal oozes could give rise to oil shales is not a recent one.'-3
Evidence for this theory rests on the finding that algae have less cellulose and a
correspondingly greater proportion of lipids than most plant material. In addition,
the contemporary alga Botyrococcus is present in microscopic remains in
some organic oozes.4 Since the algal ooze precursor theory rests primarily
on geological and paleobotanical evidence, we have sought to complement this
evidence by making a study of the constituents of various genera of algae at the
molecular level and comparing them with the organic constituents isolated and
identified in the algal ooze from a Florida lake.
Full research paper here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
An abstract of a 1967 research paper on the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in algae, in bacteria and in lake sediments
ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES, II.*
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
ALIPHA TIC HYDROCARBONS IN ALGAE, IN BACTERIA,
AND IN A RECENT LAKE SEDIMENTt
BY JERRY HAN, E. D. MCCARTHY, WILLIAM VAN HOEVEN,
MELVIN CALVIN, AND W. H. BRADLEY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, SPACE SCIENCES LABORATORY, AND LABORATORY OF
CHEMICAL BIODYNAMICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, AND U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Communicated November 20, 1967
The theory that algal oozes could give rise to oil shales is not a recent one.'-3
Evidence for this theory rests on the finding that algae have less cellulose and a
correspondingly greater proportion of lipids than most plant material. In addition,
the contemporary alga Botyrococcus is present in microscopic remains in
some organic oozes.4 Since the algal ooze precursor theory rests primarily
on geological and paleobotanical evidence, we have sought to complement this
evidence by making a study of the constituents of various genera of algae at the
molecular level and comparing them with the organic constituents isolated and
identified in the algal ooze from a Florida lake.
Full research paper here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in algae, bacteria and lake sediments
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
An abstract of a 1967 research paper on the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in algae, in bacteria and in lake sediments
ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES, II.*
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
ALIPHA TIC HYDROCARBONS IN ALGAE, IN BACTERIA,
AND IN A RECENT LAKE SEDIMENTt
BY JERRY HAN, E. D. MCCARTHY, WILLIAM VAN HOEVEN,
MELVIN CALVIN, AND W. H. BRADLEY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, SPACE SCIENCES LABORATORY, AND LABORATORY OF
CHEMICAL BIODYNAMICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, AND U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Communicated November 20, 1967
The theory that algal oozes could give rise to oil shales is not a recent one.'-3
Evidence for this theory rests on the finding that algae have less cellulose and a
correspondingly greater proportion of lipids than most plant material. In addition,
the contemporary alga Botyrococcus is present in microscopic remains in
some organic oozes.4 Since the algal ooze precursor theory rests primarily
on geological and paleobotanical evidence, we have sought to complement this
evidence by making a study of the constituents of various genera of algae at the
molecular level and comparing them with the organic constituents isolated and
identified in the algal ooze from a Florida lake.
Full research paper here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
An abstract of a 1967 research paper on the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in algae, in bacteria and in lake sediments
ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES, II.*
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
ALIPHA TIC HYDROCARBONS IN ALGAE, IN BACTERIA,
AND IN A RECENT LAKE SEDIMENTt
BY JERRY HAN, E. D. MCCARTHY, WILLIAM VAN HOEVEN,
MELVIN CALVIN, AND W. H. BRADLEY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, SPACE SCIENCES LABORATORY, AND LABORATORY OF
CHEMICAL BIODYNAMICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, AND U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Communicated November 20, 1967
The theory that algal oozes could give rise to oil shales is not a recent one.'-3
Evidence for this theory rests on the finding that algae have less cellulose and a
correspondingly greater proportion of lipids than most plant material. In addition,
the contemporary alga Botyrococcus is present in microscopic remains in
some organic oozes.4 Since the algal ooze precursor theory rests primarily
on geological and paleobotanical evidence, we have sought to complement this
evidence by making a study of the constituents of various genera of algae at the
molecular level and comparing them with the organic constituents isolated and
identified in the algal ooze from a Florida lake.
Full research paper here (PDF format)
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
Liquid fuel (oil) from halophilic algae: a 1993 research paper
You are at: Oilgae Blog.
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Liquid fuel (oil) from halophilic algae: a renewable source of non-polluting energy
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
GINZBURG B.-Z. ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
Hebrew univ. Jerusalem, botany dep., plant biophysical lab., ISRAEL
Univ. Reading, dep. eng., Reading RG6 2AY, ROYAUME-UNI
Abstract
Liquid fuel in the form of a mixture of hydrocarbons has been produced from a renewable form of biomass, the green microalga Dunaliella, which is distributed in oceans and salt lakes throughout the world. The product is a high-quality oil low in sulfur and nitrogen and is obtained by pyrolysis of a suspension of the algal cells. Feasibility studies have determined that the total cost of oil produced from Dunaliella is $21.6 per barrel of crude oil. Allowing for a 20% profit on the investment, the price of a barrel of oil would be $26 (Zaidman, School of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jersualem)
Revue / Journal Title
Renewable energy (Renew. energy) ISSN 0960-1481
Source / Source
Renewable energy: technology and the environment
1993, vol. 3, no 2-3, pp. 249-252
Editeur / Publisher
Elsevier Science, Oxford, ROYAUME-UNI (1991) (Revue)
English Keywords
Biomass ; Pyrolysis ; Alternative motor fuel ; Algae ; Dunaliella ; Feasibility ; Costs ; Thallophyta ; Chlorophycophyta ;
French Keywords
Biomasse ; Pyrolyse ; Carburant remplacement ; Algae ; Dunaliella ; Faisabilité ; Coût ; Thallophyta ; Chlorophycophyta ;
Spanish Keywords
Biomasa ; Pirólisis ; Carburante reemplazo ; Algae ; Dunaliella ; Practicabilidad ; Costo ; Thallophyta ; Chlorophycophyta ;
Location
INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : 20690, 35400003491561.0270
Derived from: INIST-CNRS France; you can order this document from here
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Liquid fuel (oil) from halophilic algae: a renewable source of non-polluting energy
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
GINZBURG B.-Z. ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
Hebrew univ. Jerusalem, botany dep., plant biophysical lab., ISRAEL
Univ. Reading, dep. eng., Reading RG6 2AY, ROYAUME-UNI
Abstract
Liquid fuel in the form of a mixture of hydrocarbons has been produced from a renewable form of biomass, the green microalga Dunaliella, which is distributed in oceans and salt lakes throughout the world. The product is a high-quality oil low in sulfur and nitrogen and is obtained by pyrolysis of a suspension of the algal cells. Feasibility studies have determined that the total cost of oil produced from Dunaliella is $21.6 per barrel of crude oil. Allowing for a 20% profit on the investment, the price of a barrel of oil would be $26 (Zaidman, School of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jersualem)
Revue / Journal Title
Renewable energy (Renew. energy) ISSN 0960-1481
Source / Source
Renewable energy: technology and the environment
1993, vol. 3, no 2-3, pp. 249-252
Editeur / Publisher
Elsevier Science, Oxford, ROYAUME-UNI (1991) (Revue)
English Keywords
Biomass ; Pyrolysis ; Alternative motor fuel ; Algae ; Dunaliella ; Feasibility ; Costs ; Thallophyta ; Chlorophycophyta ;
French Keywords
Biomasse ; Pyrolyse ; Carburant remplacement ; Algae ; Dunaliella ; Faisabilité ; Coût ; Thallophyta ; Chlorophycophyta ;
Spanish Keywords
Biomasa ; Pirólisis ; Carburante reemplazo ; Algae ; Dunaliella ; Practicabilidad ; Costo ; Thallophyta ; Chlorophycophyta ;
Location
INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : 20690, 35400003491561.0270
Derived from: INIST-CNRS France; you can order this document from here
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
To facilitate exploration of oil production from algae as well as exploration of other alternative energy avenues, Oilgae provides web links, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels / biodiesel along with inputs on new inventions, discoveries & breakthroughs in other alternative energy domains such as solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean & wave / tidal energy. We hope Oilgae proves to be useful as a research information & inputs resources, and as a source of news & info for business & trade of algal oil, algal fuels & new alternative energy products - specially with regard to new feedstock / feedstocks, production processes and uses, and market info such as price / prices, data & statistics
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